雅思听力如何达到8分以上？

　　很hěn多duō学xué生shēng在zài被bèi英yīng语yǔ听tīng力lì“虐nüè了le千百遍biàn”后hòu，再zài也yě找zhǎo不bù到dào“待dài它tā如rú初chū恋liàn”的de感gǎn觉jué，开始shǐ病bìng急乱投tóu医yī。具jù体tǐ表biǎo现xiàn为wèi什shén么me都dōu想xiǎng听tīng，下xià了le很hěn多duō听tīng力lì材cái料liào在zài手机jī、MP4里lǐ，走在zài路lù上shàng、坐zuò在zài车上shàng、吃饭fàn的de时shí候hòu、睡觉jué的de时shí候hòu，耳ěr朵里lǐ都dōu塞sāi着zhe耳ěr机jī，听tīng着zhe听tīng力lì。看kàn似shì非fēi常cháng努力lì，实shí则zé效xiào果guǒ非fēi常cháng低dī。

　　雷léi军说shuō过guò一yī句jù话huà，永yǒng远yuǎn不bù要yào用yòng战zhàn术shù上shàng的de勤qín奋去qù掩yǎn盖战zhàn略lüè上shàng的de懒惰，说shuō的de就jiù是shì这zhè个gè意yì思sī。你nǐ看kàn起来lái十分fēn努力lì，每měi天tiān坚jiān持chí戴着zhe耳ěr机jī好hǎo几jǐ个gè小xiǎo时shí，可kě最zuì后hòu发fā现xiàn别bié人rén说shuō英yīng语yǔ的de时shí候hòu，你nǐ还hái是shì听tīng不bù懂dǒng，在zài做zuò听tīng力lìXXXXXXXX的de时shí候hòu，还hái是shìABCD乱选xuǎn……

　　对duì于yú正zhèng在zài备bèi考kǎo雅yǎ思sī听tīng力lì的de同tóng学xué们men来lái说shuō，精jīng听tīng和hé泛fàn听tīng是shì听tīng力lì中zhōng两liǎng大dà最zuì常cháng见jiàn的de词cí，是shì治zhì标biāo也yě治zhì本běn的de训xùn练liàn方fāng法fǎ。相xiāng信xìn各gè大dà机jī构gòu各gè种zhǒng老lǎo师shī已yǐ经jīng进jìn行xíng了le无wú数遍biànXXXXXXXX，但dàn是shì泛fàn听tīng和hé精jīng听tīng到dào底是shì什shén么me？今jīn天tiān，我wǒ们men就jiù从cóng根gēn本běn上shàng进jìn行xíng一yī个gè深入rù的de剖析xī。

　　首shǒu先xiān，何hé谓wèi泛fàn听tīng和hé精jīng听tīng？

　　A：泛fàn听tīng，即jí对duì听tīng力lì原yuán文wén作zuò通tōng篇大dà意yì地dì听tīng取qǔ，重zhòng点diǎn在zài文wén章zhāng的de行xíng文wén结jié构gòu和hé主zhǔ旨zhǐ大dà意yì。如rú果guǒ是shì有yǒu足zú够gòu时shí间jiān准zhǔn备bèi考kǎo试shì的de考kǎo生shēng，比bǐ如rú有yǒu一yī年nián半bàn载的de时shí间jiān，那nà么me可kě以yǐ选xuǎn择zé听tīngBBС、VОA，看kàn英yīng剧jù、美měi剧jù都dōu可kě以yǐ。但dàn如rú果guǒ时shí间jiān考kǎo试shì紧jǐn迫pò，只zhǐ有yǒu不bù到dào四五个gè月yuè的de时shí间jiān，那nà么me看kàn电diàn影yǐng、听tīng新xīn闻wén就jiù已yǐ经jīng不bù是shì重zhòng点diǎn了le。

　　B：精jīng听tīng，针zhēn对duì某mǒu个gè句jùXXXXXXXX或huò者zhě段duàn落luò，做zuò具jù体tǐ信xìn息xī的de甄zhēn别bié与yǔ记jì录。如rú果guǒ说shuō泛fàn听tīng就jiù像xiàng电diàn视广guǎng告gào一yī样yàng不bù厌yàn其qí烦fán地dì对duì你nǐ的de潜意yì识进jìn行xíngXXXXXXXX，那nà么me精jīng听tīng就jiù是shì刻kè意yì对duì大dà脑nǎo记jì忆yì的de训xùn练liàn了le。这zhè个gè过guò程不bù像xiàng泛fàn听tīng那nà么me惬qiè意yì和hé随suí性xìng，有yǒu的de学xué生shēng也yě提tí出chū说shuō自zì己jǐ回去qù也yě听tīng了le，很hěn辛xīn苦，但dàn是shì总zǒng是shì不bù见jiàn效xiào果guǒ。

　　有yǒu“实shí践jiàn经jīng验yàn”的de同tóng学xué都dōu会huì知zhī道dào，过guò渡dù段duàn需xū要yào泛fàn听tīng的de方fāng式shì去qù听tīng，保bǎo证zhèng节jié奏zòu的de稳wěn定dìng和hé对duì于yú答dá案àn的de初chū步bù定dìng位wèi，避bì免浪费精jīng力lì；而ér答dá案àn所suǒ在zài的de句jùXXXXXXXX则zé要yào用yòng精jīng听tīng的de方fāng式shì去qù获huò取qǔ最zuì终zhōng的de答dá案àn信xìn息xī。

　　究竟精jīng听tīng是shì“听tīng”些xiē什shén么me呢？

　　1.某mǒu些xiē英yīng语yǔ单dān词cí的de弱ruò读dú。比bǐ如rú介jiè词cíof，它tā的de音yīn标biāo是shì[ov](o=hot中zhōng间jiān的de那nà个gè元yuán音yīn)，但dàn它tā通tōng常cháng被bèi弱ruò化huà成chéng[ev](e=maker的de第dì二èr个gè元yuán音yīn)，有yǒu时shí甚shén至zhì被bèi弱ruò化huà成chéng[v]或huò[f]，你nǐ在zài“精jīng听tīng”一yī条tiáo新xīn闻wén时shí，一yī定dìng要yào把所suǒ有yǒu的de弱ruò读dú单dān词cí听tīng出chū来lái。

　　2.某mǒu些xiē英yīng语yǔ单dān词cí的de连lián读dú。比bǐ如rú你nǐ在zài“精jīng听tīng”一yī条tiáo新xīn闻wén时shí，听tīng到dào一yī个gè生shēng词cí，发fā音yīn好hǎo象是shìnotatal，不bù像xiàng是shì外wài国guó的de人rén名míng、地dì名míng，而ér且qiě《英yīng汉hàn词cí典diǎn》中zhōng也yě查chá不bù到dào，这zhè时shí，你nǐ就jiù应yīng当dāng想xiǎng到dào，它tā很hěn可kě能néng是shì两liǎng个gè(或huò两liǎng个gè以yǐ上shàng)单dān词cí的de连lián读dú，按àn照zhào这zhè个gè思sī路lù，你nǐ应yīng当dāng猜cāi出chū它tā是shìnot at all。

　　3.某mǒu些xiē单dān音yīn节jié、多duō音yīn节jié的de英yīng语yǔ单dān词cí，比bǐ如rúforeign、minister、immigration等děng，由yóu于yú音yīn节jié多duō，很hěn容róng易yì听tīng出chū来lái，比bǐ较jiào麻má烦fán的de是shì那nà些xiē单dān音yīn节jié单dān词cí，比bǐ如rúdid、was、him等děng，只zhǐ有yǒu一yī个gè音yīn节jié，发fā音yīn时shí间jiān短促cù，很hěn容róng易yì被bèi忽略lüè，因yīn此在zài“精jīng听tīng”一yī条tiáo新xīn闻wén时shí，一yī定dìng要yào重zhòng点diǎn识别bié这zhè些xiē单dān音yīn节jié单dān词cí。

　　4.单dān词cí与yǔ头脑nǎo的de同tóng步bù。弱ruò读dú、连lián读dú、单dān音yīn节jié单dān词cí这zhè三个gè问wèn题tí解jiě决之zhī后hòu，最zuì后hòu的de问wèn题tí就jiù是shì“单dān词cí与yǔ头脑nǎo的de同tóng步bù”，也yě就jiù是shì你nǐ每měi听tīng到dào一yī个gè单dān词cí，头脑nǎo中zhōng必bì须xū马mǎ上shàng想xiǎng到dào这zhè个gè单dān词cí的de中zhōng文wén意yì思sī，比bǐ如rú听tīng到dàoRussia，马mǎ上shàng想xiǎng到dào“俄é国guó”，听tīng到dàopresident，马mǎ上shàng想xiǎng到dào“总zǒng统”，听tīng到dàovisit，马mǎ上shàng想xiǎng到dào“访fǎng问wèn”，等děng等děng。

　　如rú何hé一yī招搞定dìng雅yǎ思sī听tīng力lì，轻qīng松sōng完wán成chéng精jīng听tīng&泛fàn听tīng的de训xùn练liàn？

　　分fēn步bù骤zhòu来lái说shuō，第dì一yī步bù就jiù是shì要yào读dú题tí，标biāo出chū问wèn题tí中zhōng以yǐ及jí选xuǎn项xiàng中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí，问wèn题tí中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí是shì帮bāng助你nǐlocate（定dìng位wèi），选xuǎn项xiàng中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí则zé是shì帮bāng助你nǐjudge（判pàn定dìng）。问wèn题tí中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí选xuǎn择zé顺序xù基本běn上shàng遵循xún：名míng词cí＞动dòng词cí＞形xíng容róng词cí/副fù词cí。选xuǎn项xiàng中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí顺序xù则zé是shì：名míng词cí＞形xíng容róng词cí/副fù词cí＞动dòng词cí。

　　读dú题tí步bù骤zhòu完wán成chéng以yǐ后hòu，接jiē下xià来lái就jiù是shì泛fàn听tīng环huán节jié，由yóu于yú人rén能néng够gòu保bǎo持chí精jīng力lì高gāo度dù集jí中zhōng的de时shí间jiān是shì有yǒu限xiàn的de，泛fàn听tīng的de目mù的de就jiù是shì避bì免浪费精jīng力lì。泛fàn听tīng的de过guò程中zhōng，要yào去qù寻xún找zhǎo上shàng一yī环huán节jié（读dú题tí环huán节jié）中zhōng印yìn在zài脑nǎo海hǎi里lǐ的de关guān键jiàn词cí，一yī旦听tīng到dào的de词cí语yǔ和hé脑nǎo海hǎi中zhōng记jì下xià的de词cí语yǔ产chǎn生shēng了le碰pèng撞，就jiù要yào提tí高gāo警惕，随suí即jí切换huàn模mó式shì，进jìn入rù精jīng听tīng状态tài，高gāo度dù集jí中zhōng精jīng力lì仔zǐ细xì听tīng关guān键jiàn词cí出chū现xiàn前qián后hòu的de句jùXXXXXXXX。因yīn为wèi答dá案àn一yī般bān很hěn快kuài就jiù会huì给gěi出chū。

　　这zhè个gè时shí候hòu，如rú果guǒ短期qī记jì忆yì能néng力lì有yǒu足zú够gòu的de训xùn练liàn，是shì可kě以yǐ做zuò到dào听tīng到dào答dá案àn的de同tóng时shí完wán成chéng选xuǎn项xiàng的de判pàn别bié的de，即jí排pái除错cuò误wù选xuǎn项xiàng。一yī般bān来lái说shuō，错cuò误wù选xuǎn项xiàng分fēn为wèi两liǎng类：明míng显xiǎn与yǔ文wén本běn抵dǐ触chù的de信xìn息xī（false information），和hé文wén本běn中zhōng未wèi明míng确què说shuō明míng的de信xìn息xī（NG/indirect information）。

　　如rú果guǒ实shí在zài不bù能néng做zuò到dào精jīng听tīng答dá案àn句jùXXXXXXXX的de同tóng时shí判pàn定dìng答dá案àn，则zé需xū要yào记jì下xià精jīng听tīng到dào的de内nèi容róng。当dāng然rán，经jīng过guò长zhǎng期qī训xùn练liàn，大dà部bù分fēn同tóng学xué都dōu是shì可kě以yǐ做zuò到dào前qián者zhě的de，即jí精jīng听tīng句jùXXXXXXXX的de同tóng时shí就jiù完wán成chéng答dá案àn的de判pàn定dìng。

　　最zuì后hòu，听tīng出chū了le答dá案àn，大dà部bù分fēn同tóng学xué都dōu觉jué得dé完wán成chéng了le考kǎo试shì。但dàn是shì着zhe眼yǎn于yú备bèi考kǎo训xùn练liàn的de目mù的de，还hái要yào对duì听tīng力lì文wén本běn类似shì于yú阅读dú文wén本běn式shì的de分fēn析xī，包括kuò文wén字的de行xíng文wén结jié构gòu、逻luó辑关guān系xì等děng。掌握wò听tīng力lì文wén本běn的delogical relation/passage flow，从cóng而ér站zhàn在zài考kǎo官guān/出chū题tí者zhě的de立lì场chǎng上shàng分fēn析xī听tīng力lì文wén章zhāng，为wèi下xià一yī次cì如rú何hé做zuò泛fàn听tīng、精jīng听tīng的de切换huàn积累lèi经jīng验yàn。久jiǔ而ér久jiǔ之zhī，泛fàn听tīng、精jīng听tīng的de切换huàn就jiù会huì变得dé游yóu刃rèn有yǒu余yú，融会huì贯通tōng。最zuì终zhōng达dá到dào主zhǔ动dòng驾驭yù听tīng力lì文wén本běn的de境jìng界，能néng够gòu主zhǔ动dòng感gǎn应yīng/预yù测cè到dào答dá案àn即jí将jiāng出chū现xiàn，而ér不bù是shì被bèi听tīng力lì音yīn频pín牵qiān着zhe鼻bí子zi走，被bèi动dòng地dì等děng到dào答dá案àn错cuò过guò了le再zài去qù回忆yì、挣扎zhā。

　　下xià面miàn，我wǒ们men再zài来lái看kàn一yī些xiē剑jiàn桥雅yǎ思sī真zhēn题tí分fēn析xī。

　　实shí战zhàn演练liàn：剑jiàn桥8Test3Section4单dān选xuǎn题tí

　　Q31.Compared to introducing new business processes,attempts to copy existing processes are

　　A.more attractive

　　B.more frequent

　　C.more straightforward

　　“copy existing processes“是shì关guān键jiàn词cí（定dìng位wèi词cí）。

　　1.Good morning,everyone.In the last few lectures I’ve been dealing with business finance,but now I’m going to move on to business systems.And in today’s lecture I’m going to talk about what can go wrong when businesses try to copy their own best practices.

　　第dì一yī段duànintro部bù分fēn听tīng完wán，有yǒu经jīng验yàn的de考kǎo生shēng立lì马mǎ可kě以yǐget到dào如rú下xià信xìn息xī：

　　-Format:Lecture/monologue

　　-General Topic:business systems（呼应yīng在zài读dú题tí环huán节jié已yǐ经jīng获huò得dé的de主zhǔ题tí信xìn息xī）

　　-How to listen:这zhè一yī部bù分fēn是shì讲jiǎng座zuò的deintro部bù分fēn，应yīng该gāi采cǎi取qǔ泛fàn听tīng策略lüè，过guò程中zhōng要yào随suí时shí留liú意yì关guān键jiàn词cí/定dìng位wèi词cí的de出chū现xiàn。关guān键jiàn词cí为wèi：copy existing processes。

　　2.Once a business has successfully introduced a new process听tīng到dào该gāi段duàn第dì一yī句jù话huà，考kǎo生shēng可kě以yǐ灵líng敏mǐn地dì感gǎn受shòu到dào，intro部bù分fēn已yǐ经jīng结jié束，进jìn入rù了le下xià一yī个gè主zhǔ题tí。

　　…-managing a branch bank,say,or selling a new product,the parent organisation naturally wants to repeat that success,and capture it if possible on a bigger scale.The goal,then,is to utilise existing knowledge and not to generate new knowledge.考kǎo生shēng在zài读dú题tí的de时shí候hòu，应yīng做zuò到dào已yǐ经jīng将jiāng第dì一yī题tí题tí目mù中zhōng的de“copy existing system”作zuò为wèi关guān键jiàn词cí，印yìn在zài了le脑nǎo子zi里lǐ。文wén本běn听tīng到dào这zhè里lǐ的de时shí候hòu，就jiù会huì明míng显xiǎn知zhī道dào，这zhè一yī部bù分fēn是shì对duì于yúcopy existing system举jǔ出chū了le一yī些xiē具jù体tǐ的de例lì子zi，这zhè一yī部bù分fēn是shì应yīng该gāi泛fàn听tīng的de。要yào听tīng的de是shì作zuò者zhě对duì于yú“copy existing system”这zhè一yī做zuò法fǎ的de态tài度dù。

　　…It’s a less glamorous activity than pure innovation,but it actually happens more often,as a matter of fact.However,surprisingly,getting things right the second time is not necessarily any simpler than it was the first time.随suí后hòu文wén章zhāngXXXXXXXX现xiàn了le一yī个gè内nèi部bù小xiǎo转zhuǎn折zhé和hé大dà转zhuǎn折zhé。小xiǎo转zhuǎn折zhé之zhī后hòu就jiù给gěi出chū了le答dá案àn：“it actually happens more often”。转zhuǎn折zhé词cí的de重zhòng要yào性xìng和hé同tóng意yì替tì换huàn技巧qiǎo（happens more often同tóng意yì替tì换huànfrequent），在zài这zhè里lǐ都dōu用yòng到dào了le。

　　Q32.Most research into the repetition of success in business has

　　A.been done outside the United States.

　　B.produced consistent findings.

　　C.related to only a few contexts

　　读dú题tí环huán节jié，已yǐ经jīng确què定dìng了le关guān键jiàn词cí为wèi：research,repetition

　　1.Now,there’s been a lot of research into how companies can repeat their previous successes,首shǒu句jù是shìtransitional sentence,考kǎo生shēng应yīng可kě以yǐ明míng显xiǎn感gǎn知zhī。听tīng到dào这zhè里lǐ，就jiù应yīng该gāi知zhī晓xiǎo，已yǐ经jīng进jìn行xíng到dào了le下xià一yī题tí。同tóng时shí，research、repeat等děng关guān键jiàn词cí的de出chū现xiàn，也yě验yàn证zhèng了le自zì己jǐ的de节jié奏zòu是shì正zhèng确què的de。这zhè里lǐ，也yě做zuò了le一yī个gè小xiǎo的de关guān键jiàn词cí词cí性xìng替tì换huàn，即jírepetition和hérepeat之zhī间jiān的de替tì换huàn。

　　…and it certainly hasn’t been confined to the United States.接jiē收shōu到dào了le关guān键jiàn词cí，就jiù立lì马mǎ进jìn入rù精jīng听tīng模mó式shì，接jiē下xià来lái的de几jǐ句jù话huà依yī次cì提tí到dào了le选xuǎn项xiàng。It seems that most large industries are trying to repeat their own successes,and manage the knowledge they’ve acquired-but even so it has been shown that the overwhelming majority of attempts fail.读dú题tí的de时shí候hòu就jiù应yīng该gāi知zhī道dào，选xuǎn项xiàng中zhōng没有yǒu针zhēn对duì这zhè一yī做zuò法fǎ成chéng功还hái是shì失shī败bài的de表biǎo述shù。所suǒ以yǐ这zhè一yī部bù分fēn应yīng该gāi做zuò泛fàn听tīng。A host of studies confirm this,covering a wide range of business settings。B选xuǎn项xiàng作zuò为wèi正zhèng确què答dá案àn，也yě用yòng到dào了le同tóng意yì替tì换huàn。“A host of studies confirm this”同tóng意yì替tì换huàn”produced consistent findings”。该gāi同tóng意yì替tì换huàn是shì语yǔ意yì类的de替tì换huàn，有yǒu一yī定dìng难nán度dù。…branch banks,retail stores,real estate agencies,factories,call centres…to name but a few.这zhè一yī部bù分fēn是shì不bù同tóngbusiness setting的de举jǔ例lì，应yīng该gāi做zuò泛fàn听tīng。选xuǎn项xiàngA和héC都dōu是shì明míng显xiǎn与yǔ原yuán文wén抵dǐ触chù的de。

　　Q33.What does the speaker say about consulting experts?

　　A.Too few managers ever do it.

　　B.It can be useful in certain circumstances.

　　C.Experts are sometimes unwilling to give advice.

　　读dú题tí的de时shí候hòu就jiù要yào明míng确què，题tí目mù中zhōng的de关guān键jiàn词cí是shì“expert”，而ér且qiě问wèn的de是shì作zuò者zhě的de态tài度dù。

　　2.So why do so few managers get things right the second or third time?Let’s consider one reason for failure-placing too much trust in the people who are running the successful operation,the’experts’shall we say.Managers who want to apply existing knowledge typically start off by going to an expert,such as the person who designed and is running a successful department store-and picking their brains.

　　这zhè一yī部bù分fēn是shì描miáo述shù部bù分fēn，解jiě释shì了lethe role and functiоn of an expert,而ér非fēi作zuò者zhě的de态tài度dù，所suǒ以yǐ这zhè部bù分fēn应yīng做zuò泛fàn听tīng。Now,this approach can be used if you want to gain a rough understanding of a particular system,or understand smaller,isolated problems.这zhè里lǐ就jiù出chū现xiàn了le作zuò者zhě的de个gè人rén观guān点diǎn/态tài度dù。“particular“同tóng意yì替tì换huàn”certain“。

　　…The trouble is,even the expert doesn’t fully grasp the whole thing because when it comes to complex systems,the individual components of the process are interwoven with one another.这zhè一yī部bù分fēn解jiě释shì了le选xuǎn项xiàng（观guān点diǎn）B，为wèi什shén么me只zhǐ在zài特tè定dìng的de情qíng况kuàng下xià有yǒu效xiào。此部bù分fēn应yīng做zuò泛fàn听tīng。

　　Q34.An expert’s knowledge about a business system may be incomplete because

　　A.some details are difficult for workers to explain.

　　B.workers choose not to mention certain details.

　　C.details are sometimes altered by workers.

　　incomplete作zuò为wèi关guān键jiàn词cí应yīng给gěi被bèi印yìn在zài脑nǎo子zi里lǐ，而ér且qiě应yīng该gāi很hěn敏mǐn感gǎn的de预yù测cè到dào可kě能néng会huì有yǒu词cí性xìng的de同tóng意yì替tì换huàn（一yī般bān形xíng容róng词cí副fù词cí最zuì可kě能néng做zuò词cí性xìng上shàng的de同tóng意yì替tì换huàn）。还hái应yīng该gāi观guān察到dào：ABC选xuǎn项xiàng都dōu是shì关guān于yúworkers的de。

　　3.The expert never has complete access to the necessary information.关guān键jiàn词cí出chū现xiàn了le。而ér且qiě做zuò了le同tóng意yì替tì换huàn：incomplete同tóng意yì替tì换huànnever has complete access。此时shí就jiù要yào保bǎo持chí警惕，进jìn入rù精jīng听tīng模mó式shì，因yīn为wèi答dá案àn很hěn快kuài就jiù会huì出chū现xiàn。…And the situation’s complicated even further by the fact that experts are usually not aware of their own ignorance.读dú题tí的de时shí候hòu应yīng该gāi明míng确què选xuǎn项xiàng都dōu是shì关guān于yúworker的de表biǎo述shù，这zhè里lǐ还hái在zài说shuōexpert，所suǒ以yǐ继jì续往wǎng后hòu精jīng听tīng。

　　…The ignorance can take various forms.For instance,a lot of details of the system are invisible to managers…

　　“The ignorance can take various forms”是shì这zhè一yī句jùXXXXXXXX的de主zhǔ题tí句jù，接jiē下xià来lái要yào说shuō明míng的de都dōu是shì”various forms”.For instance表biǎo明míng了le句jù子zi的de逻luó辑关guān系xì，接jiē下xià来lái是shì要yào举jǔ例lì说shuō明míng。Some may be difficult to describe-learned on the job and well known by workers perhaps,but impossible to describe in a way that’s helpful.这zhè里lǐ说shuō明míng了le选xuǎn项xiàngA是shì正zhèng确què选xuǎn项xiàng，details很hěn难nán被bèi描miáo述shù。而ér不bù是shìworkers不bù去qù描miáo述shù，所suǒ以yǐB与yǔ原yuán文wén相xiāng抵dǐ触chù（false information），选xuǎn项xiàngC属shǔ于yú未wèi提tí及jí信xìn息xī（not given information）。